1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Outline of Thesis
Chapter 2 : Railway-induced Vibration - Source & Propagation Characteristics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Source Characteristics
2.3 Propagation Characteristics
2.4 Prediction of Groundborne Noise and Vibration
2.5 Conclusions
Chapter 3: Effects of Railway-induced Vibration on Buildings
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Effects of Vibration on the Building Structure
3.3 Evaluation of Human Response to Vibration in Buildings
3.3.1 UK Guidance
3.3.2 Validity of VDV guidance in BS6472 (1992) for evaluating Train Vibration
3.3.3 Review of International Experience
3.4 Evaluation of Human response to Noise in Buildings
3.5 Effects of Vibration on Equipment
3.6 Conclusions
Chapter 4: Alternative Vibration Control Measures
4.1 Alternative Vibration Control Measures
4.2 At Source
4.3 In Propagation Path
4.4 At Receiver
4.5 Discussion
4.6 Conclusions
Chapter 5: Theoretical Aspects of Isolation
5.1 Theory of Isolation (SDOF model)
5.2 Alternative Damping Models
5.3 Alternative Methods to Estimate Damping Properties
5.3.1 Logarithmic decrement
5.3.2 Bandwidth of half power points
5.3.3 Nyquist Plot for Circle Fits
5.4 SDOF Base Isolation Models
5.5 MDOF Base Isolation models
5.6 Modal Density
5.7 Dynamic Vibration Absorber
5.8 Transient Pulses
5.9 Starting Transients / Steady State Response
5.10 Wave Interaction
5.11 Conclusions
Chapter 6 : Instrumentation and Data Processing
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Transducer
6.3 Digital Data Acquisition Considerations
6.4 Instrumentation
6.5 Signal to Noise ratio
6.6 Considerations for site deployment of Instrumentation
6.7 Post Processing for Spectral Representation
6.8 Transmissibility
6.9 Errors in Estimates
6.9.1 Random and Bias Errors on Auto Spectra
6.9.2 Random Error on Transmissibility
6.9.3 Propagation delays
6.9.4 Non-Stationary Data
6.10 Conclusions
Chapter 7: Dynamic Performance Investigation - Case Study 1
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Ground Conditions
7.3 The Proposed Structure
7.4 Test Room
7.5 Test Room Supports
7.5.1 Concrete Blocks: 'Idealised Rigid' Un-Isolated Case
7.5.2 GERB Coil Springs: Target Natural Frequency 4.5Hz
7.5.3 BTR Natural Rubber Bearings: Target Natural Frequency 8Hz
7.5.4 TICO Synthetic Rubber Bearings : Target Natural Frequency 12Hz
7.6 Instrumentation
7.7 Strategy to determine Insertion Loss for Base Isolation
7.7.1 Experimental Assumptions
7.7.2 Achieving 'free-field' condition for datum measurement
7.7.3 Test Block Dynamic Characteristics
7.8 Test Block to Unloaded Raft [D1]
7.9 Test Room Measurement Procedure
7.10 Test Room on Concrete Blocks
7.11 Test Room on GERB Coil Springs
7.11.1 Test Room on GERB Coil Springs - Insertion Loss
7.12 Test Room on BTR Natural Rubber Bearings
7.13 Test Room on TICO Synthetic Bearings
7.14 Comparisons of Test Room Performance on Various Isolators
7.15 Test Room Floor Response
7.16 Groundborne Noise - Test Room
7.17 Chosen Isolator for Buildings
7.18 Procedure to Determine Insertion Loss of Base Isolation for Final Building
7.19 Building 'A' on Concrete Blocks
7.20 Building 'A' on GERB Coil Springs
7.20.1 Insertion Loss for Building 'A' on GERB Coil Springs
7.21 Comparison of Test Room and Completed Building Response
7.22 Raft Response
7.23 Comparison of Building 'A' Response, Vertical & Horizontal
7.24 Comparison of Building 'A' and Building 'B'
7.25 Impact Tests - Test Room
7.26 Impact Tests - Building 'A'
7.27 Ambient Vibration Response
7.28 Comparison of Train Measurement with Rigid Mass (SDOF) Theoretical Model
7.29 Test Room Theoretical Modelling - Multi-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) Model
7.30 Comparison of Theoretical and Measured Modal Characteristics for Test Room
7.31 Final Building - Theoretical Model and Measured Results
7.32 Vibration Dose Calculations
7.33 Groundborne Noise - Final Building
7.34 Effect of Acoustic Characteristics on Insertion Loss
7.35 Theoretical Prediction of Groundborne Noise
7.36 Empirical Prediction of Groundborne Noise
7.37 Conclusions
Chapter 8: Dynamic Performance Investigation - Case Study 2
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Railway
8.3 Ground Conditions and Foundations
8.4 The Building
8.5 Measurement Parameters
8.6 Vibration and Noise Environment
8.7 Empirical Prediction of Building Response
8.8 Isolation of the Closest Office Blocks
8.8.1 Rubber Bearings
8.9 Dynamic Performance Survey Procedure
8.9.1 Instrumentation
8.9.2 Measurement Locations
8.10 Correlation of Inputs
8.11 Effect of Short Circuits in Base Isolation System
8.12 Train pass-by and Background Measurements
8.12.1 Isolated Column A15 (Block 'C')
8.12.2 Comparison of Isolated Columns A15 & B15 with Isolated Staircase '3'
8.12.3 Comparison of Isolated Column B3 (target 9.5Hz) with Isolated Column B15 (target 7.5Hz)
8.12.4 Comparison of the response of the top and base of isolated columns
8.12.5 Comparison of Isolated Column C15 and adjoining Un-isolated Core
8.12.6 Comparison of Un-isolated Core to Isolated Columns (Block 'A' & 'C')
8.12.7 Comparison of Isolated Column B15 with Un-isolated Column G15
8.13 Impact Testing
8.13.1 Impact Tests - Signal processing
8.13.2 Impact Tests - Isolated column B15 / Un-isolated column G15
8.14 Shaker Tests
8.14.1 Shaker Tests - Signal Processing
8.14.2 Shaker Tests - Isolated Columns A15 & B15 / Un-isolated Column G15
8.15 'Point' Inertance of Pile Cap supporting Isolated and Un-isolated Columns
8.16 Comparison of Shaker and Impact Testing
8.17 Theoretical Analysis and Comparison with Measurements
8.17.1 Simple Bar Models of Column
8.17.2 Concrete Column - Lumped Masses - (30m length)
8.17.3 Sensitivity of 'free-free' Axial Column Modes to Isolator Support Stiffness
8.17.4 Sub-Structure model: Pile / Soil System
8.17.5 Theoretical 'Point' Inertance of Pile Cap for Isolated and Un-Isolated Columns
8.17.6 Theoretical Transmissibilities
8.18 Conclusions
Chapter 9: Dynamic Performance Investigation - Case Study 3
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Site
9.2.1 Isolated Structure - Eland House
9.2.2 Un-isolated Structure - Watney House
9.3 Measurement Locations
9.4 Instrumentation
9.5 Vertical Measurements
9.6 Horizontal Measurements
9.7 Comparison of Mean Results - Vertical & Horizontal
9.8 Groundborne Noise
9.9 Conclusions
Chapter 10: Outline of Proposed International Standard
10.1 Standards Process - General Principles
10.2 Development of a British Standard
10.3 Development of an International Standard
10.4 Legal Status of Standards
10.5 Existing Standard Concerned with Base Isolation
10.6 The Need for an Additional Standard
DRAFT ISO "Guidelines for the Measurement, Evaluation and Implementation of Base Isolation Systems to Attenuate Ground Vibration"
Chapter 11: Conclusions and Recommendations